81-12 - Uniform Child Abduction Prevention Act

Title 81 > 81-12

Sections (11)

81-12-101 - Definitions for chapter.

As used in this chapter: 81-12-101(1) “Abduction” means the wrongful removal or wrongful retention of a minor child. 81-12-101(2) “Child custody determination” means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the legal custody, physical custody, or visitation with respect to a minor child.”Child custody determination” includes a permanent, temporary, initial, and modification order. 81-12-101(3) “Child custody proceeding” means a proceeding in which legal custody, physical custody, visitation, or parent-time with respect to a minor child is at issue. “Child custody proceeding” includes a proceeding for divorce, dissolution of marriage, separation, neglect, abuse, dependency, guardianship, paternity, termination of parental rights, or protection from domestic violence. 81-12-101(4) “Court” means an entity authorized under the law of a state to establish, enforce, or modify a child custody determination. 81-12-101(5) “Petition” includes a motion or the motion’s equivalent. 81-12-101(6) “Record” means information inscribed on a tangible medium or stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form. 81-12-101(7) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.”State” includes a federally recognized Indian tribe or nation. 81-12-101(8) “Travel document” means records relating to a travel itinerary, including travel tickets, passes, reservations for transportation, or accommodations. “Travel document” does not include a passport or visa. 81-12-101(9) “Wrongful removal” means the taking of a minor child that breaches rights of custody, visitation, or parent-time given or recognized under the law of this state. 81-12-101(10) “Wrongful retention” means the keeping or concealing of a minor child that breaches rights of custody, visitation, or parent-time given or recognized under the law of this state.

81-12-102 - Cooperation and communication among courts.

Sections 81-11-109 , 81-11-110 , and 81-11-111 apply to cooperation and communications among courts in proceedings under this chapter.

81-12-103 - Actions for abduction prevention measures.

81-12-103(1) A court on the court’s own motion may order abduction prevention measures in a child custody proceeding if the court finds that the evidence establishes a credible risk of abduction of the minor child. 81-12-103(2) A party to a child custody determination or another individual or entity having a right under the law of this state or any other state to seek a child custody determination for the minor child may file a petition seeking abduction prevention measures to protect the minor child under this chapter. 81-12-103(3) A prosecutor or public authority designated under Section 81-11-315 may seek a warrant to take physical custody of a minor child under Section 81-12-108 or other appropriate prevention measures.

81-12-104 - Jurisdiction.

81-12-104(1) A petition under this chapter may be filed only in a court that has jurisdiction to make a child custody determination with respect to the minor child at issue under Chapter 11, Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act. 81-12-104(2) A court of this state has temporary emergency jurisdiction under Section 81-11-204 if the court finds a credible risk of abduction.

81-12-105 - Contents of petition.

81-12-105(1) A petition under this chapter must be verified and include a copy of any existing child custody determination, if available. The petition must specify the risk factors for abduction, including the relevant factors described in Section 81-12-106. 81-12-105(2) Subject to Subsection 81-11-209(5), if reasonably ascertainable, the petition must contain:the name, date of birth, and gender of the minor child;the customary address and current physical location of the minor child;the identity, customary address, and current physical location of the respondent;a statement of whether a prior action to prevent abduction or domestic violence has been filed by a party or other individual or entity having custody of the minor child, and the date, location, and disposition of the action;a statement of whether a party to the proceeding has been arrested for a crime related to domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse or neglect, and the date, location, and disposition of the case; andany other information required to be submitted to the court for a child custody determination under Section 81-11-209.

81-12-106 - Factors to determine risk of abduction.

81-12-106(1) In determining whether there is a credible risk of abduction of a minor child, the court shall consider any evidence that the petitioner or respondent:has previously abducted or attempted to abduct the minor child;has threatened to abduct the minor child;has recently engaged in activities that may indicate a planned abduction, including:abandoning employment;selling a primary residence;terminating a lease;closing bank or other financial management accounts, liquidating assets, hiding or destroying financial documents, or conducting any unusual financial activities;applying for a passport or visa or obtaining travel documents for the respondent, a family member, or the minor child; orseeking to obtain the minor child’s birth certificate or school or medical records;has engaged in domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse or neglect;has refused to follow a child custody determination;lacks strong familial, financial, emotional, or cultural ties to the state or the United States;has strong familial, financial, emotional, or cultural ties to another state or country;is likely to take the minor child to a country that:is not a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and does not provide for the extradition of an abducting parent or for the return of an abducted minor child;is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction but:the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is not in force between the United States and that country;is noncompliant according to the most recent compliance report issued by the United States Department of State; orlacks legal mechanisms for immediately and effectively enforcing a return order under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction;poses a risk that the minor child’s physical or emotional health or safety would be endangered in the country because of specific circumstances relating to the minor child or because of human rights violations committed against a minor child;has laws or practices that would:enable the respondent, without due cause, to prevent the petitioner from contacting the minor child;restrict the petitioner from freely traveling to or exiting from the country because of the petitioner’s gender, nationality, marital status, or religion; orrestrict the minor child’s ability legally to leave the country after the minor child reaches the age of majority because of a minor child’s gender, nationality, or religion;is included by the United States Department of State on a current list of state sponsors of terrorism;does not have an official United States diplomatic presence in the country; oris engaged in active military action or war, including a civil war, to which the minor child may be exposed;is undergoing a change in immigration or citizenship status that would adversely affect the respondent’s ability to remain in the United States legally;has had an application for United States citizenship denied;has forged or presented misleading or false evidence on government forms or supporting documents to obtain or attempt to obtain a passport, a visa, travel documents, a social security card, a driver license, or other government-issued identification card or has made a misrepresentation to the United States government;has used multiple names to attempt to mislead or defraud; orhas engaged in any other conduct the court considers relevant to the risk of abduction. 81-12-106(2) In the hearing on a petition under this chapter, the court shall consider any evidence that the respondent believed in good faith that the respondent’s conduct was necessary to avoid imminent harm to the minor child or respondent and any other evidence that may be relevant to whether the respondent may be permitted to remove or retain the minor child.

81-12-107 - Provisions and measures to prevent abduction.

81-12-107(1) If a petition is filed under this chapter, the court may enter an order that must include:the basis for the court’s exercise of jurisdiction;the manner in which notice and opportunity to be heard were given to the persons entitled to notice of the proceeding;a detailed description of each party’s custody and visitation rights and residential arrangements for the minor child;a provision stating that a violation of the order may subject the party in violation to civil and criminal penalties; andidentification of the minor child’s country of habitual residence at the time of the issuance of the order. 81-12-107(2) If, at a hearing on a petition under this chapter or on the court’s own motion, the court after reviewing the evidence finds a credible risk of abduction of the minor child, the court shall enter an abduction prevention order. The order must include the provisions required by Subsection (1) and measures and conditions, including those in Subsections (3), (4), and (5), that are reasonably calculated to prevent abduction of the minor child, giving due consideration to the custody, visitation, and parent-time rights of the parties. The court shall consider the age of the minor child, the potential harm to the minor child from an abduction, the legal and practical difficulties of returning the minor child to the jurisdiction if abducted, and the reasons for the potential abduction, including evidence of domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse or neglect. 81-12-107(3) An abduction prevention order may include one or more of the following:an imposition of travel restrictions that require that a party traveling with the minor child outside a designated geographical area provide the other party with the following:the travel itinerary of the minor child;a list of physical addresses and telephone numbers at which the minor child can be reached at specified times; andcopies of all travel documents;a prohibition of the respondent directly or indirectly:removing the minor child from this state, the United States, or another geographic area without permission of the court or the petitioner’s written consent;removing or retaining the minor child in violation of a child custody determination;removing the minor child from school or a child-care or similar facility; orapproaching the minor child at any location other than a site designated for supervised visitation;a requirement that a party to register the order in another state as a prerequisite to allowing the child to travel to that state;with regard to the minor child’s passport:a direction that the petitioner place the minor child’s name in the United States Department of State’s Child Passport Issuance Alert Program;a requirement that the respondent surrender to the court or the petitioner’s attorney any United States or foreign passport issued in the minor child’s name, including a passport issued in the name of both the parent and the minor child; anda prohibition upon the respondent from applying on behalf of the minor child for a new or replacement passport or visa;as a prerequisite to exercising custody, visitation, or parent-time, a requirement that the respondent provide:to the United States Department of State Office of Children’s Issues and the relevant foreign consulate or embassy, an authenticated copy of the order detailing passport and travel restrictions for the minor child;to the court:proof that the respondent has provided the information in Subsection (3)(e)(i); andan acknowledgment in a record from the relevant foreign consulate or embassy that no passport application has been made, or passport issued, on behalf of the minor child;to the petitioner, proof of registration with the United States Embassy or other United States diplomatic presence in the destination country and with the Central Authority for the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, if that convention is in effect between the United States and the destination country, unless one of the parties objects; anda written waiver under the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. Section 552a, with respect to any document, application, or other information pertaining to the minor child authorizing its disclosure to the court and the petitioner; andupon the petitioner’s request, a requirement that the respondent obtain an order from the relevant foreign country containing terms identical to the child custody determination issued in the United States. 81-12-107(4) In an abduction prevention order, the court may impose conditions on the exercise of custody or visitation that:limit visitation or require that visitation with the minor child by the respondent be supervised until the court finds that supervision is no longer necessary and order the respondent to pay the costs of supervision;require the respondent to post a bond or provide other security in an amount sufficient to serve as a financial deterrent to abduction, the proceeds of which may be used to pay for the reasonable expenses of recovery of the minor child, including reasonable attorney fees and costs if there is an abduction; andrequire the respondent to obtain education on the potentially harmful effects to the minor child from abduction. 81-12-107(5) To prevent imminent abduction of a minor child, a court may:issue a warrant to take physical custody of the minor child under Section 81-12-108 or the law of this state other than this chapter;direct the use of law enforcement to take any action reasonably necessary to locate the minor child, obtain return of the minor child, or enforce a custody determination under this chapter or the law of this state other than this chapter; orgrant any other relief allowed under the law of this state other than this chapter. 81-12-107(6) The remedies provided in this chapter are cumulative and do not affect the availability of other remedies to prevent abduction.

81-12-108 - Warrant to take physical custody of a minor child.

81-12-108(1) If a petition under this chapter contains allegations, and the court finds that there is a credible risk that the minor child is imminently likely to be wrongfully removed, the court may issue an ex parte warrant to take physical custody of the minor child. 81-12-108(2) The respondent on a petition under Subsection (1) must be afforded an opportunity to be heard at the earliest possible time after the ex parte warrant is executed, but not later than the next judicial day unless a hearing on that date is impossible. In that event, the court shall hold the hearing on the first judicial day possible. 81-12-108(3) An ex parte warrant under Subsection (1) to take physical custody of a minor child must:recite the facts upon which a determination of a credible risk of imminent wrongful removal of the minor child is based;direct law enforcement officers to take physical custody of the minor child immediately;state the date and time for the hearing on the petition; andprovide for the safe interim placement of the minor child pending further order of the court. 81-12-108(4) If feasible, before issuing a warrant and before determining the placement of the minor child after the warrant is executed, the court may order a search of the relevant databases of the National Crime Information Center system and similar state databases to determine if either the petitioner or respondent has a history of domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse or neglect. 81-12-108(5) The petition and warrant must be served on the respondent when or immediately after the minor child is taken into physical custody. 81-12-108(6) A warrant to take physical custody of a minor child, issued by this state or another state, is enforceable throughout this state. If the court finds that a less intrusive remedy will not be effective, the court may authorize law enforcement officers to enter private property to take physical custody of the minor child. If required by exigent circumstances, the court may authorize law enforcement officers to make a forcible entry at any hour. 81-12-108(7) If the court finds, after a hearing, that a petitioner sought an ex parte warrant under Subsection (1) for the purpose of harassment or in bad faith, the court may award the respondent reasonable attorney fees, costs, and other reasonable expenses and losses arising out of the issuance of the ex parte warrant. 81-12-108(8) This chapter does not affect the availability of relief allowed under the law of this state other than this chapter.

81-12-109 - Duration of abduction prevention order.

An abduction prevention order remains in effect until the earliest of: 81-12-109(1) the time stated in the order; 81-12-109(2) the emancipation of the minor child; 81-12-109(3) the minor child’s attaining 18 years old; or 81-12-109(4) the time the order is modified, revoked, vacated, or superseded by a court with jurisdiction under Sections 81-11-201 through 81-11-203.

81-12-110 - Uniformity of application and construction.

81-12-110(1) This chapter is a uniform act. 81-12-110(2) In applying and construing this chapter, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to this uniform law’s subject matter among states that enact this uniform law.

81-12-111 - Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.

This chapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001, et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of the act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b).